This is the total actual cost of a project. For contractors, the cost includes all work performed by the company, including costs attributable to work added or deducted by change orders. For owners, it excludes the cost of land, and any site preparation cost.

Synonyms: 

A new addition that ties in to an existing facility, often intended to expand capacity. Synonym: Expansion, Add-on.

Synonyms: 

The original planned schedule approved at time of project sanction for owners and contract award for contractors. It should be updated to include any changes since change data are collected in a later section. For benchmarking purposes the baseline schedule does NOT change during project execution.

Synonyms: 

A best practice is a process or method that, when executed effectively, leads to enhanced project performance. CII Best Practices have been proven through extensive industry use and/or validation.

Synonyms: 

The expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of property or facility which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. Common examples are abandoned gas stations and dry cleaners, railroad properties, factories and closed military bases. Synonym: co-locate.

Synonyms: 

Includes non-industrial facilities, such as a communications center, courthouse, dormitory, hotel, large apartment complex, embassy, office building, hospital, laboratory, maintenance facilities, movie theatre, parking garage, physical fitness center, prison, restaurant, nightclub, retail building, school, or warehouse.

Synonyms: 

Refers to the rationale behind the capital investment, e.g. increase production capacity, or mandated by regulation.

Synonyms: 

A change is any event that results in a modification of the project work, schedule or cost. Owners and designers frequently initiate changes during design development to reflect changes in project scope or preferences for equipment and materials other than those originally specified. Contractors often initiate changes when interferences are encountered, when designs are found to be not constructable, or other design errors are found.

Synonyms: 

A delivery method which entails the construction manager to act as consultant to the owner in the development and design phases, but as the equivalent of a general contractor during the construction phase.

Synonyms: 

All costs in contingency accounts including but not limited to normal contingency, allowances, reserves, indirect costs for schedule contingency, escalation, etc.

Synonyms: 

The provision in a cost estimate for increases in the cost of equipment, material, labor, etc., due to continuing price changes over time.

Synonyms: 

The cost of land includes the purchase price of the land obtained for project use. It does not include the cost of preparing the land for use, such as soil remediation, demolition of existing structures, site preparation, etc.

Synonyms: 

The owner and contractor agree as to the price that will be charged per unit for the project. It is also called unit price. Its derivatives include cost plus fee, time and materials, and guaranteed maximum price.

Synonyms: 

An incident which results in days away from work.

Synonyms: 

The days away from work incidence rate (DA) is the number of DA cases occurring annually among 100 full-time workers (2,000 hours per worker per year).

Synonyms: 

An incident which results in days away from work, restricted work activity, or job transfer.

Synonyms: 

The days away, restricted, or job transfer case incidence rate (DART) is the number of DART cases occurring annually among 100 full-time workers (2,000 hours per worker per year).

Synonyms: 

An integrated delivery process which combines architectural and engineering design services with construction performance under one contract agreement.

Synonyms: 

Direct costs are those which are readily or directly attributable to, or become an identifiable part of, the final project (e.g., piping labor and material).

Synonyms: 

The sum of those costs associated with actual performance of tasks involved in rework. Examples include labor, materials, equipment, supervisory personnel, and associated overhead cost.

Synonyms: 

Direct work hours include work hours of engineers/technicians who produce engineering deliverables, including site investigations, meetings, planning, constructability, RFI, and rework. Also includes work hours of craft workers who install material or assist in installation.

Synonyms: 

A new addition that ties in to an existing facility, often intended to expand capacity. Synonym: Addition.

Synonyms: 

The fatality rate is the number of fatalities occurring annually among 100,000 full-time workers (2,000 hours per worker per year).

Synonyms: 

Represents the number of participants and the percent of time each is allocated to the project. For example, if one team member responsible for procurement works half time on the project, then the procurement contribution to the FTE measure is 0.5. Likewise, if two project controls specialists work on the team full time, they contribute 2.0 FTE.

Synonyms: 

A new facility from the foundations and up. A project requiring demolition of an existing facility before new construction begins is also classified as grass roots. Synonym: Greenfield.

Synonyms: 

Includes chemical manufacturing, cogeneration, environmental remediation, gas distribution, metals refining/processing, mining, natural gas processing, oil exploration/production, oil refining, oil sands, power generation, and pulp and paper.

Synonyms: 

Indirect costs are all costs that cannot be attributed readily to a part of the final product (e.g., cost of managing the project).

Synonyms: 

Includes airport, electrical distribution, flood control, highway, marine facilities, navigation, pipeline, rail, tunneling, water/wastewater, telecom, and wide area network.

Synonyms: 

Inside Battery Limits (ISBL) is defined as all equipment and associated components (piping, etc.) that act upon the primary feed stream of a process. ISBL is functional-based and refers to equipment and other components that are solely dedicated to a single process whether or not the equipment is physically located within the geographical boundaries of the unit.

Synonyms: 

The quantity of work required in the project plans and specifications, which are issued for construction, and does not include rework.

Synonyms: 

Includes automotive manufacturing, consumer products manufacturing, food and beverage, microelectronics manufacturing, office products manufacturing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, pharmaceutical labs, and clean room.

Synonyms: 

The contractor agrees to provide a specified amount of work for a specific sum. It is also called single fixed price.

Synonyms: 

Commonly used interchangeably with engineered equipment. It is generally defined as tagged/numbered process or mechanical equipment including drivers.

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The point in time when a plant is capable of being operated although some trim, insulation, and painting may still be needed. This occurs after completion of precommissioning. In some industries, mechanical completion may have the same general meaning as beneficial occupancy.

Synonyms: 

Although not precisely defined, this term generally describes projects with capital budgets exceeding one billion dollars.

Synonyms: 

A facility for which a substantial amount of the equipment, structure, or other components is replaced or modified, and which may expand capacity and/or improve the process or facility. Synonyms: Renovation, Upgrade.

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Non-Destructive Examination/Evaluation (NDE) and Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) are techniques of testing that do not destroy the test object.

Synonyms: 

The practice of hiring an external organization or use of a foreign subsidiary to perform engineering functions in a developing country to gain a cost and/or schedule advantage.

Synonyms: 

Outside Battery Limits (OSBL) is defined as utilities, common facilities, and other equipment and components not included in the ISBL definition. OSBL refers to systems (equipment pieces and associated components) that support several units. Typical OSBL equipment includes cooling towers, water treatment facilities, tanks farms, etc.

Synonyms: 

Any hours above 40 work hours per week. For example, if working 55 hours in a week, the overtime is 15 hours and the percentage of overtime hours is calculated as 15 hours overtime/55 hours worked = 27.3% overtime.

Synonyms: 

A consortium of process industry owners and engineering construction contractors that publishes practices reflecting common standards for many engineering disciplines across the companies.

Synonyms: 

Refers to a grouping of goods or services produced by a facility.

Synonyms: 

This is the estimated cost of the project at authorization to proceed (i.e., sanction, or final investment decision). For contracts, it only includes their scope of work. If a project had cost changes before authorization to proceed, then these changes should be included in the project budget. Does not include estimated costs for change orders received during project execution.

Synonyms: 

A Front End Planning tool used to measure the level of scope definition. It helps project teams to communicate and identify risks related to project scope definition.

Synonyms: 

A structured approach used to organize a project team so as to manage the delivery of a project.

Synonyms: 

A structured process of evaluating and prioritizing owner’s objectives, reviewing and evaluating delivery methods and contract types, and then determining the appropriate delivery method and contract type for a project.

Synonyms: 

Synonyms: 

Priority given to cost or schedule when making decisions during the execution of a project. Assumes safety is a given for all projects.

Synonyms: 

Schematic diagrams which show the layout and relationship of piping and instrumentation.

Synonyms: 

Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC); Planned and systematic actions necessary to provide appropriate confidence that a product or service will satisfy the quality requirements.

Synonyms: 

A recordable incident is a work-related illness and any injury which results in loss of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, transfer to another job, or requires medical treatment beyond first aid.

Synonyms: 

The total recordable incidence rate (TRIR) is the number of recordable injuries occurring annually among 100 full-time workers (2,000 hours per worker per year).

Synonyms: 

The lost workday case incidence rate (LWCIR) was replaced by the DART rate effective January 1, 2001. By definition, it was the equivalent to the DART rate.

Synonyms: 

A process used to confirm the interpretation of a detail, specification or note on construction drawings or to secure a documented directive or clarification from the architect, engineer or owner that is needed to continue work.

Synonyms: 

A facility for which a substantial amount of the equipment, structure, or other components is replaced or modified, and which may expand capacity and/or improve the process or facility. Synonyms: Modernization, Upgrade.

Synonyms: 

Changes in the base scope of work or process basis. Examples include changes in feedstock, site location, throughput, or the addition of unrelated scope.

Synonyms: 

The Technology Use and Integration practice addresses the level of automation and integration internally and externally for predefined tasks/work functions common to most projects.

Synonyms: 

The period during which a process unit, boiler, generating unit, transmission line, or other facility is shut down and unable to perform its normal operations. The shutdown of a facility including for maintenance, inspection, testing, regulatory changes, or, in some cases, for refuelling is known as a planned shutdown. Turnaround is interchangeable with shutdown or outage depending on industry groups.

Synonyms: 

Focused activities aimed at removing non-value-added investment from the project scope. Collectively, VIPs are an organized approach to minimizing life-cycle costs while optimizing the life of a facility.

Synonyms: 

Benchmarking publications report on findings reached by analyzing performance information supplied by CII members and other industry participants.

Synonyms: 

Industry experts and adult learning instructional designers use original CII research to develop CII Education Modules. These modules assist companies with in-house training and presentations.

CII Education Modules are comprised of two components: the Instructor’s Guide and the Participant Handbook. Each component is sold separately, and most titles are available in hard copy or electronic copy. Many are available at a reduced rate when purchased as a kit, which includes one copy of the Instructor’s Guide and six copies of the Participant Handbook.

Synonyms: 

Implementation resources are developed by CII research teams to help companies integrate CII Best Practices into their business and construction management processes. Implementation resources often include software, guidebooks, and other media to enhance the practical application of the topic.

Synonyms: 

CII offers online courses with special focus on CII Best Practices. Available 24/7 via Web access, these fully interactive Web-based offerings earn subscribed users one PDH per completed course. Year-long subscriptions are available to organizations.

Synonyms: 

Research reports contain the findings of CII research teams. The research reports contain the database, data analyses, and other interpretations from the principal investigators. They are often written in the form of master’s or doctoral theses, and serve as references for other CII documents.

Synonyms: 

Research summaries provide a succinct overview of activities that occurred during the course of a CII research project. Research summaries reflect the views of the industry participants and are designed to encourage further reading on the topic.

Synonyms: 

CII videos capture conference presentations, web seminars, and even scripted dramas. CII videos are only available in DVD format.

Synonyms: 

Business and project processes or methods are collections of related, structured activities or tasks that produce a specific service or product. These can often be visualized with a flowchart as a sequence of activities with decision points or a process matrix as a sequence of activities with rules based on data in the process.

Synonyms: 

Commissioning and Startup is defined as the transitional phase between plant construction completion and commercial operations.  It encompasses all activities that bridge these two phases, including systems turnover, checkout of systems, commissioning of systems, introduction of feedstocks, and performance testing.

Synonyms: 

Refers to standards, methods, and practices used during the construction phase of a project.

Synonyms: 

Construction technology refers to the collection of innovative tools, machinery, modifications, software, etc. used during the construction phase of a project that enables advancement in field construction methods, including semi-automated and automated construction equipment.

Synonyms: 

Establishing design requirements is normally performed at the same time as the feasibility analysis. The design requirements control the design of the project throughout the engineering design process. Some design requirements include hardware and software parameters, maintainability, availability, and testability.

Synonyms: 

General information about the Construction Industry Institute that includes annual reports, special anniversary books and publications, emerging trends, and governance.

Synonyms: 

Human resource management is a function in organizations designed to maximize employee performance in service of their employer’s strategic objectives. HR is primarily concerned with how people are managed within organizations, focusing on policies and systems. HR departments and units in organizations are typically responsible for a number of activities, including employee recruitment, training and development, performance appraisal, and rewarding (e.g., managing pay and benefit systems). HR is also concerned with industrial relations, that is, the balancing of organizational practices with regulations arising from collective bargaining and governmental laws.
 

Synonyms: 

Information management is the collection and management of information. Information management has become a powerful resource and a large expense, as well as risk, for many organizations.

Synonyms: 

An integrated process for planning and controlling all necessary efforts to make certain that the quality and quantity of materials and equipment are appropriately specified in a timely manner, are obtained at a reasonable cost, and are available when needed.

Synonyms: 

Modularization refers to the use of offsite construction and includes all substantial offsite construction and assembly of components and areas of the finished project. Examples include:

• Skid assemblies of equipment and instrumentation that naturally ship to the site in one piece, and require minimal on-site reassembly.
• Super-skids of assemblies of components that typically represent substantial portions of the plant, intended to be installed in a building.
• Prefabricated modules comprising both industrial plant components and architecturally finished enclosures.

• Fabrication of the component pieces of a structural framework
• Fabrication of piping spool-piece

Synonyms: 

The systematic process of measuring an organization’s performance against recognized leaders for the purpose of determining best practices that lead to superior performance when adapted and utilized.

Synonyms: 

Procurement is the acquisition of goods, services or works from an outside external source.  Corporations and public bodies often define processes intended to promote fair and open competition for their business while minimizing exposure to fraud and collusion.
A contract is a mutually acceptable written or oral agreement that legally binds the parties to the terms and conditions outlined in the agreement. Contracts can be of many types, e.g. sales contracts (including leases), purchasing contracts, partnership agreements, trade agreements, and intellectual property agreements.

Synonyms: 

Professional development refers to the acquisition of skills, experience and knowledge, both for personal development and for career advancement. Professional development encompasses all types of facilitated learning opportunities, ranging from college degrees to formal coursework, conferences and informal learning opportunities situated in practice. There are a variety of approaches to professional development, including consultation, coaching, communities of practice, lesson study, mentoring, reflective supervision and technical assistance.
 

Synonyms: 

Project Management is the process and activity of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources, procedures and protocols to achieve specific goals (products, services, etc.). The primary challenge of project management is to achieve all of the project goals and objectives while honoring the preconceived constraints. The primary constraints are scope, time, quality and budget. The secondary — and more ambitious — challenge is to optimize the allocation of necessary inputs and integrate them to meet pre-defined objectives.
 
Program Management is the process of managing several related projects.  The program manager has oversight of the purpose and status of the projects in a program and can use this oversight to support project-level activity to ensure the program goals are met.
 

Synonyms: 

Project Controls is a process that encompasses the resources, procedures, and tools for the planning, monitoring, and controlling of all phases of the capital project lifecycle. This includes estimating, cost and schedule management, risk management, change management, earned value progressing, and forecasting.

Synonyms: 

The project organization (or project team) is a group of persons organized to perform a project within an enterprise.  Communications is the process of determining the information and communications needs of the project stakeholders: who they are, what is their level of interest and influence on the project, who needs what information, when will they need it, and how it will be given to them.

Synonyms: 

The essential process of developing sufficient strategic information with which owners can address risk and make decisions to commit resources in order to maximize the potential for a successful project. FEP is often perceived as synonymous with front-end engineering design (FEED), front end loading (FEL), pre-project planning (PPP), feasibility analysis, programming and conceptual planning.

Synonyms: 

Quality Management incorporates all activities conducted to improve the efficiency, contract compliance and cost effectiveness of design, engineering, procurement, QA/QC, construction, and start-up elements of construction projects.

Synonyms: 

The identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities. The strategies to manage threats (uncertainties with negative consequences) typically include transferring the threat to another party, avoiding the threat, reducing the negative effect or probability of the threat, or even accepting some or all of the potential or actual consequences of a particular threat.

Synonyms: 

Safety is the control of recognized hazards to achieve an acceptable level of risk. This can take the form of being protected from the event or from exposure to something that causes health or economic losses.  It can include protection of people or of possessions.  Zero accident techniques include the site-specific safety programs and the implementation, auditing, and incentive efforts undertaken to create a project environment and a level of training that embraces the culture that all accidents are preventable and that zero accidents is an obtainable goal.

Synonyms: 

Sustainability refers to development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This includes economic development, social development and environmental protection. Broadly defined, sustainable development is a systems approach to growth and development and to manage natural, produced, and social capital for the welfare of current and future needs.

Environmental sustainability concerns the natural environment and how it endures and remains diverse and productive. Environmental sustainability requires society to design activities to meet human needs while preserving the life support systems of the planet, including implementing water conservation, utilizing renewable energy, recycling, and use of sustainable material supplies

Security is the protection from harm. It applies to any vulnerable and valuable asset, such as a person, dwelling, community, nation, or organization. Security provides a form of protection where a separation is created between the assets and the threat. These separations are generically called controls, and sometimes include changes to the asset or the threat.

Synonyms: 

Perform commissioning and operating activities required to achieve design performance levels.  The phase may be executed by the Owner or by a third party under contract.  A Performance Test Report is a normal product of the phase.

Synonyms: 

Perform adequate conceptual design to allow selection of the best of identified project approaches, analyze concept(s) and prepare Study Cost Estimate to confirm project viability.  In addition to the cost estimate, deliverables generally include an initial Project Execution Plan, a preliminary schedule and a number of preliminary engineering design documents.

Synonyms: opportunity; idea; project conception;

The function responsible for the completion of all activities in the Construction Phase.  A number of other functions will act in a supportive role in the Construction Phase.  During the Concept, Detail Scope, Detailed Design Phases, the Construction Function will take a lead load in performing Constructability and in planning and scheduling the Construction Phase.

Synonyms: administration; Assistance Marche de Traveux(ACT)

Finalize technology, project objectives, process and design scope definition, major equipment pricing and the Project Execution Plan to support a Budget Cost Estimate and funding request.  In addition, deliverables from this Phase include a Detailed Scope Document adequate to effectively support the Detailed Design, Procurement and Construction Phases.

Synonyms: Preliminary engineering; pre-project planning; front-end planning; front end;

With the Detailed Scope Document as a basis, perform multiple discipline design activities and produce documents in support of procurement, construction, commissioning and startup.  The major deliverables from the phase are Issue for Construction (IFC) and Procurement Documents.

Synonyms: detailed design and procurement; detailed engineering and procurement; project execution; project design; detailed engineering;

Identify a potentially beneficial business opportunity and perform initial analysis, scoping and Order of Magnitude Estimate to determine whether the opportunity is worth further investigation.  Completion of the Feasibility Phase may or may not result in a capital project.  A Business Sponsor’s Project Objective, a Phase Report and a Path Forward is provided for an opportunity that is to proceed to the Concept Phase.

Synonyms: programming; esquisse(ESQ);conceptual design;

Perform regulatory, contractual, archival and Owner required activities to close the project in an orderly manner.  Once complete, the project Handover & Closeout has been fulfilled.  The facility Handover may occur early during this phase if a third party under contract executes Commission & Startup.

Synonyms: 

With the Detailed Scope Document and Issue for Construction (IFC) and Procurement Documents as a basis, perform multiple discipline procurement activities to provide equipment, material and labor to support the Construction, and Commissioning & Startup Phases.  Documents produced during the phase normally include Request for Quotes & Bids/Bid Analysis for Labor, Equipment & Materials, Purchase Order Documentation, and Labor Contracts and Sub-contracts.  The Procurement Phase normally overlaps multiple phases.

Synonyms: 

The functions responsible for the technical completion of the Concept, Detailed Scope, and Detailed Design Phases.  In addition, they may have assignments in the completion of the other phases.

Synonyms: 

The Contractor function responsible for initial communications with the Owner and developing a proposal for work completion based on the Owners request.

Synonyms: 

The function responsible for the completion of all of the activities in the Commission & Startup Phase.  The Owner, the Contractor or a third party may provide the service.  Multiple other functions will act in a supportive role.

Synonyms: 

The function responsible for the completion of all of the activities in the Construction Phase.  A number of other functions will act in a supportive role.

Synonyms: 

Multiple external parties who can impact and/or who are impacted by the project such as: local, state & Federal organizations and regulators, site community activist, local and national unions, banks/projecting funding alternatives, equipment, material and labor suppliers, Owner Shareholders, etc.

Synonyms: 

The Owner and/or Contractor functions responsible for providing requirements and general Health, Safety and Environmental input to the project design starting in the Concept Phase.

Synonyms: 

The Owner functions responsible for providing operability and maintainability input to the design starting in the Concept Phase.

Synonyms: 

The function responsible for the completion of all of the activities in the Procurement Phase.  These activities span across several phases.

Synonyms: 

The person in the Owner organization with the responsibility and authority to 1) establish the Project Business Objectives and control against them throughout the project life, 2) approve the project for proceeding to the next phase, and 3) approve the project for requesting Corporate funding.  The Project Business Sponsor normally leads the execution of the Feasibility Phase with the support of others in the Owner organization (with potential contractor support).

Synonyms: 

The function responsible for supporting Project Management in a number of activities including planning, estimating, scheduling, budgeting, forecasting, and performance measurement, evaluation and correction.  The functions activities span across all project phases.

Synonyms: 

The person or team of persons responsible for meeting the Project Business Objectives through leading the development and execution of the Project Plan.  Both Owner and Contractor persons may staff the team.

Synonyms: 

The function responsible to support Project Management in developing and executing Quality Assurance and Quality Control measures across all phases of the project and spanning all function.  Most Quality Control measures are executed by the discipline functions and audited by the Quality function.

Synonyms: 

The function responsible to support Project Management and the Project Business Sponsor in defining and recommending mitigations for all significant project risks.  The service may be provided by the Owner, the Contractor or a third party consultant.

Synonyms: 

The Owner Business and Corporate functions responsible for supporting the Project Business Sponsor in executing their role.

Synonyms: 

Automotive Manufacturing; Pharma & Biotech; Consumer Products including Food & Beverage

Synonyms: 

Upstream Oil & Gas, Refining & Petrochem, Chemicals; Mining & Metals; Pulp & Paper; Power Generation; Gas Processing

Synonyms: 

Healthcare; Monumental; Commercial; Office

Synonyms: 

Power; Transmission; Pipelines; Transportation; Water & Wastewater

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The overall process flow of all the detailed work packages (construction, engineering, and installation work packages). AWP is a planned, executable process that encompasses the work on an EPC project, beginning with initial planning and continuing through detailed design and construction execution. AWP provides the framework for productive and progressive construction, and presumes the existence of a construction execution plan.

Synonyms: 

The condition where appropriate project participants are working within acceptable tolerances to develop and meet a uniformly defined and understood set of project objectives.

Synonyms: 

The systematic process of measuring an organization’s performance against recognized leaders for the purpose of determining best practices that lead to superior performance when adapted and utilized.

Synonyms: 

The process of incorporating a balanced change culture of recognition, planning, and evaluation of project changes in an organization to effectively manage project changes.

Synonyms: 

The optimum use of construction knowledge and experience in planning, design, procurement, and field operations to achieve overall project objectives.

Synonyms: 

Techniques that include the use of a Disputes Review Board as an alternate dispute resolution process for addressing disputes in their early stages before affecting the progress of the work, creating adversarial positions, and leading to litigation.

Synonyms: 

The essential process of developing sufficient strategic information with which owners can address risk and make decisions to commit resources in order to maximize the potential for a successful project. FEP is often perceived as synonymous with front-end engineering design (FEED), front end loading (FEL), pre-project planning (PPP), feasibility analysis, programming and conceptual planning.

Synonyms: 

The comprehensive and effective use of proven CII products by member organizations as outlined in the CII Implementation Model.

Synonyms: 

A critical element in the management of institutional knowledge, an effective lessons learned program will facilitate the continuous improvement of processes and procedures and provide a direct advantage in an increasingly competitive industry.

Synonyms: 

An integrated process for planning and controlling all necessary efforts to make certain that the quality and quantity of materials and equipment are appropriately specified in a timely manner, are obtained at a reasonable cost, and are available when needed.

Synonyms: 

A long-term commitment between two or more organizations as in an alliance or it may be applied to a shorter period of time such as the duration of a project. The purpose of partnering is to achieve specific business objectives by maximizing the effectiveness of each participant’s resources.

Synonyms: 

The evaluation and determination of offsite construction in the front end planning phase to achieve specific strategic objectives and improved project outcomes. Includes developing a business case and execution strategy for large-scale transfer of stick-built construction effort from the jobsite to fabrication shops or yards.

Synonyms: 

Startup is defined as the transitional phase between plant construction completion and commercial operations, that encompasses all activities that bridge these two phases, including systems turnover, check-out of systems, commissioning of systems, introduction of feedstocks, and performance testing.

Synonyms: 

The process to identify, assess, and manage risk. The project team evaluates risk exposure for potential project impact to provide focus for mitigation strategies.

Synonyms: 

Quality management incorporates all activities conducted to improve the efficiency, contract compliance and cost effectiveness of design, engineering, procurement, QA/QC, construction, and startup elements of construction projects.

Synonyms: 

A project-focused process that builds and develops shared goals, interdependence, trust and commitment, and accountability among team members and that seeks to improve team members’ problem-solving skills.

Synonyms: 

Include the site-specific safety programs and implementation, auditing, and incentive efforts to create a project environment and a level of training that embraces the mindset that all accidents are preventable and that zero accidents is an obtainable goal.

Synonyms: 

The work a manager performs to assess and regulate work in progress and completed.  Management controls are achieved through the following activities:  Establishment of Performance Standards, Measurement of Performance, Evaluation of Performance, and Correction of Performance.

Synonyms: 

Measures if the project team is exhausting all techniques to optimize the design in its use of material quantities to provide maximum capacity at minimum cost.

Synonyms: 

Examines if the project is staffed correctly, with a minimum amount of staff turnover and appropriate training, and measures if people are capable of achieving project goals.

Synonyms: 

The work a manager performs to cause people to take effective action. The activities involved in the function of leading include:  Decision-Making, Communications, Motivation, Selection of People, and Development of People.

Synonyms: 

The work a manager performs to arrange and relate the work to be done so people can perform it most effectively. The function of organizing includes the following activities:  Development of Organization Structure, Delegation of Responsibility and Authority, and Establishment of Relationships.

Synonyms: 

The work a manager performs to predetermine a course of action.  The function of planning includes the following activities: Forecasting, Objective Setting, Program Development, Scheduling, Budgeting, and Policies and Procedures Development.

Synonyms: 

Measures if the project team is strictly conforming to project requirements.  Analyzes if programs are pursued to assure the delivery of material goods as intended.

Synonyms: 

Measures the practices followed by the project team to eliminate any possibility of personal injury or property damage on the project.

Synonyms: 

Examines the strategies used by the project team to promote enhanced working relationships amongst all project stakeholders including those in the project supply chain.

Synonyms: 

Evaluates steps taken by the project team to reduce the environmental impact of the project during construction and operation.

Synonyms: